Chardonnay's+Wikispace

__**NAACP**__

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or the NAACP emerged out of the Niargra Movement in 1909. It's purposes were "To promote equality of rights & eradicate caste or race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment according to their ability, and complete equality before the law." The NAACP is the nation's oldest & largest civil rights oranization. A negative thing about the NAACP is that they only fight for the rights of African-Americans & not for all people .A positive thing is that they are buildinq up the African-American group as a whole. The NAACP started fighting for injustices in 1910 with the Pink Franklin case. Although they failed in this case, the organization resolved to use the law & the law courts to fight its campaign lead by the brothers Joel & Arthur Spingarn.

The NAACP headquarters are in Baltimore, Maryland. However, they have more offices throughout the world. The NAACP is run nationally by a 64-member board led by chair. As of 2007, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying & non-paying members. The board of directors of the NAACP created the Legal Defense Fund in 1939 specifically for tax purposes. In 2004, President George W. Bush declined an invitation to speak to its national convention.

__**Lynching**__

Lynching, the practice of killing people by extrajudicial mob action, occurred in the United States mainly from the late 18th century through the 1960's. Lynchings took place most frequently in the South from 1890 to the 1920's, with a peak in the annual toll in 1892. The term "Lynch's Law" - subsequently "lynch law" & "lynching" - apparently originated during the American Revolution when Charles Lynch ordered extralegal punishments for Loyalists. One motive for lynchings, particularly in the South, was the enforcement of social conventions - punishing perceived violations of customs, later institutionalized as Jim Crow laws, mandating segregation of whites & blacks. Lynchings would also occur in the frontier areas where legal recourse was distant. After the Civil War, lynching became particularly associated with the South & with the first Ku Klux Klan, which was founded in 1866.

More than 85% of the estimated 5,000 lynchings in the post-Civil War period occurred in the Southern states. After 1876, the frequency of lynching decreased somewhat as white Democrats had regained political power throughout the South. Often victims were lynched by a small group of white vigilantes late at night. Sometimes, however, lynchings became mass spectacles with a circus-like atmosphere because they were intended to emphasize majority power. In 1892 journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett was shocked when three friends in Memphis, Tennessee were lynched because their grocery store competed successfully with a white-owned store. In result, she started a global anti-lynching campaign that raised awareness of the social injustice. As a result of her efforts, black women in the US became active in the anti-lynching crusade, often in the form of clubs which raised money to publicize the abuses. After the NAACP was formed in 1909, Wells became apart of its multi-racial leadership & continued to be active against lynching.

__**The Great Migration**__

From 1910–1940, tens of thousands of African Americans left the South annually, seeking jobs and better lives in industrial cities of the North and Midwest, in a movement that was called the Great Migration. More than 1.5 million people went North during this time. However, there are some effects of the Great Migration. Some demographic effects are that the Great Migration created the first large urban black communities in the North. In 1910, the African-American population of Detroit was 6,000. By the start of the Great Depression in 1929, its African American population had increased to 12,000.

While the Great Migration helped educated African Americans obtain jobs, eventually enabling a measure of class mobility, the migrants encountered significant forms of discrimination. African Americans made substantial gains in industrial employment, particularly in the steel, automobile, shipbuilding, and meatpacking industries. Between 1910 and 1920, the number of blacks employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000. Populations increased so rapidly among both African-American migrants and new European immigrants that there were housing shortages in many major cities, and the newer groups competed for the oldest, most rundown housing. Ethnic groups created territories which they defended against change. Discrimination often restricted African Americans to crowded neighborhoods.


 * __Harlem Renaissance__**

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. The first stage of the Harlem Renaissance started in the late 1910s. Characterizing the Harlem Renaissance was an overt racial pride that came to be represented in the idea of the New Negro, who through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge the pervading racism and stereotypes to promote progressive or socialist politics, and racial and social integration. The creation of art and literature would serve to "uplift" the race.